Y-STR Paternal Lineage Test

Y-STR Paternal Lineage Test - Find out how this test can help determine if 2 or more males are biologically related even if the parents are deceased..http://www.dnanigeria.com

Choosing a Paternity Test – Peace of Mind or Legal?

Having a paternity test is always a difficult time for the individuals and families involved. When deciding whether you require a legal test or a peace of mind paternity test, the following information may help.

Peace of Mind DNA Tests

These DNA tests are for personal information only, as the identities of the individuals involved are not legally verified.

Peace of mind paternity tests are cheaper than the legal test versions. This is because the paperwork involved is not as extensive. However, the DNA paternity test itself is exactly the same as a DNA test that is used for legal purposes. The paternity test is just as accurate & the laboratory process is identical.

These Peace of Mind Paternity tests can save time & money, giving the answers needed, without long, complicated & costly legal processes. All the DNA tests offered can be ordered as a peace of mind option.

Even if you choose to have the paternity test for your own personal information, you can still have your samples taken by a professional at one of our DNA testing clinics. You do not need to use the self-collection home kits if you feel you still require the support provided at the clinic sessions.

Legal Test Services

A legal DNA paternity test is required if the paternity results are to be used for legal purposes. The difference in price compared to a peace of mind paternity test is due to the strict protocols that must be followed. This includes the verification of a test participant’s identity, when DNA samples are taken and the traceability of all samples to demonstrate a strict chain of custody. A strict protocol is followed by both the sample collector and the laboratories so that the results of the DNA paternity test cannot be disputed when used for the purpose it is required.

If you require a paternity test for legal purposed, you must visit your local DNA testing clinic or use our Registered Nurse Service. The paternity testing process cannot be undertaken using the Home DNA Testing Kit. All our DNA tests can be ordered as a Legal Test Service option.

DNA Centre is at 73 Allen Avenue, Ikeja Lagos. Tel: 07059999333; 07059999444

10 Fascinating facts about our DNA

1. Your DNA sequence contains 3,000,000,000 DNA bases. This is what we call our Genome.
2. If you unravelled your DNA it could reach to the moon over six thousand times! 
3. All humans share 99.9% of their DNA in common.
4. Chimps share between 94% and 98% of their DNA with humans.
5. Siblings share around 50% of their genes as do a parent and their child.
6. If you can type 60 words a minute, it would take you 50 years to type the human genome if you worked eight hours every day.
7. Our gnome would completely fill 2000 telephone directories books.
8. We still have up to 4% Neanderthal in our DNA.
9. Every human organism has DNA.
10. It was first seen by Friedrich Miescher under a microscope in 1869.

Paternity Fraud: Challenging Paternity After the Fact

Many people, including attorneys, maintain the belief that once a child has been deemed to be the offspring of a man that the presumption of paternity cannot be overturned, even with the assistance of scientific and conclusive DNA testing. This is not the case. Paternity fraud occurs when a Mother leads a man to believe that he is the biological father of a child, although she is aware that he is not, or may not be the child’s father. 

In Taylor v. Wilson, 2005 WL 517548, the Tennessee Court of Appeals addressed this issue when the Father alleged that his voluntary legitimation of the minor child was based on the mutually mistaken belief of himself and the child’s mother. He determined that he was not the biological father of the minor child by having an independent DNA testing performed on the minor child, without the benefit of a court order. The test established that the Appellant was not the father. He then filed a Petition to Set Aside Paternity and Modify Arrearage, which was dismissed by the Shelby County Juvenile Court. The Court of Appeals reversed, stating that:

“We believe that all common law presumptions relating to the paternity and legitimacy are rebuttable and the public policy has now been established by the General Assembly that true parentage is the end that should be pursued by the courts in paternity actions.”

The Court went on to state that “In another case, White v. Armstrong, we considered a petition for post-judgment relief from a child support order when the appellant, who had voluntarily legitimated the child in question three years earlier, discovered through genetic testing that he could not be the child’s biological father…We noted that, under Tennessee law, “it is of overriding importance…that one conclusively established in law not to be the father of a child be not declared as the father of that child”… From our review of Richards, Harmons, Granderson, and White, it is apparent that Tennessee law strongly favors requiring biological parents to bear responsibility for their own children, and that this policy also favors relieving putative fathers of the burden of supporting children who have been shown, through conclusive evidence such as DNA testing not to be their natural offspring.”

Oftentimes, in litigation concerning paternity fraud, or even the presumption of paternity fraud before DNA testing is conducted, the Mother, or the State of Tennessee, will make the argument that the Father waived his right to DNA paternity testing by voluntarily acknowledging paternity of the minor child at issue by signing the birth certificate, a voluntary acknowledgment of paternity, or even by holding the child out to be his offspring. This issue was also addressed in Taylor v. Wilson, whereas the State of Tennessee contended that:

“Mr. Wilson waived his right to contest his paternity by failing to request a DNA test during the initial paternity proceeding. However, the law of Tennessee does not recognize such a waiver under these circumstances. Every indication in the record indicates that Mr. Wilson believed that was his natural child when he voluntarily acknowledged paternity and the case law supports granting relief in such a case. Indeed, in the case of White v. Armstrong, we dealt with a situation in which the father had some suspicion-but not conclusive proof-that the child was not his own, and we acknowledged that he may have voluntarily legitimated a child in an attempt “to avoid the public humiliation and embarrassment that would follow the revelation that he was not the father… We concluded that this putative father was entitled to seek prospective relief from the child support order, once he obtained irrefutable evidence that he was not the child’s natural father”. Fathers should have the opportunity to obtain DNA paternity testing of the minor child at issue, and thereby gain such irrefutable evidence as to whether or not they are, indeed, the natural father of the minor child.

In Coppage v. Green, 2007 WL 845909, the Court of Appeals again addressed the issue of paternity fraud and the request for DNA paternity testing and placed significance on the fact the putative father had made prior effort to question the paternity of the minor child at issue. Specifically, the Court stated that:

T he father attempted to get a DNA test within a year of admitting to paternity. The father hired a lawyer who was unable or inadequate to in obtaining access to a DNA test. Furthermore the father lacked the fund or was out of the country during the ensuing years when he should have filed for a DNA test. The Court finds that pursuant to the case of Taylor v. Wilson, such is a case for “exceptional relief”. Justice and equity demand that the truth of the child’s parentage be determined. The Father’s attempt within one year coupled with the father’s military absences, justify a reconsideration of the father’s requested DNA…. The appellate court has observed that “true parentage is the end that should be pursued by the courts in paternity actions. This Court has also stated that, under Tennessee law, “it is of overriding importance…that one conclusively established in law not to be the father of a child be not declared as the father of that child.”

Finally, if the Court finds at a hearing that there is substantial likelihood that fraud, duress, or a material mistake of fact existed in the execution of the acknowledgement of paternity, then the court shall issue parentage tests. “Such action shall not be barred by the five (5) year statute of limitations where fraud in the procurement of the acknowledgment by the mother of the child is alleged and where the requested relief will not affect the interests of the child, the state, or any Title IV-D agency.” However, the Father is not necessarily required to prove “fraud, duress, or a material mistake of fact” by specific and affirmative actions on the part of the Mother, but rather may rely upon her silence as such evidence, as held in In re T.M.S, whereas the Court stated that:

“It is undisputed that Mother failed to disclose to Mr. S, when the child was born and he was asked to sign the child’s birth certificate as the child’s father, that she had had sexual relations with at least one other man during the pertinent time period. Irrespective of any personal belief Mother may have had that Mr. S was the child’s biological father, it is certainly arguable that she had a duty to speak at that time, so her failure to do so was fraudulent concealment.”

Tennessee law strongly favors the requirement that biological parents bear responsibility for their own biological children. The same policy also favors relieving putative fathers of the burden of supporting children who have been shown, through conclusive evidence such as DNA testing, not to be their natural offspring. Although the state, admittedly, has an interest to safeguard public funds by requiring that biological parents provide for their children and the burden of doing so does not fall onto the taxpayers, any such interest of the state does not outweigh the interest of the Father to be free of the financial burden to support a child that he may not have fathered. Know your legal rights when you question the paternity of a child that you have been ordered to pay child support for.

How are the DNA samples collected for the paternity test?

How are the DNA samples collected for the paternity test?

The collection process is very simple and does not cause any pain. Most companies now perform paternity testing using simple buccal swabs because DNA is found in all cells in the body. You rub the buccal swab on the inside of the cheek of your mouth. Then you place the swabs in the container provided to return them to the laboratory. And that is all you have to do complete the sample collection.

Paternity Test - A Social Revolution?

Paternity Test - A Social Revolution

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The availability of the Paternity Test has sparked a social and parenting revolution.

Today’s family is very different from that of 50 years ago. The diversity in family make-up, together with a change in the roles of mother and father may have served to make us feel more independent and in control, but have also contributed to a significant change in the fabric of our family lives. Today:

• 40% of marriages end in divorce
• Couples live together and have children without marrying
• Same-sex couples are legally able to marry and can have children
• Some mothers are putting off having children until their late thirties
• There is still a high percentage of teenage pregnancy and motherhood
• Women are choosing to have children through sperm donation - with no father involved

Advances in social inclusion and medical science mean that women in particular have more choice about how they live. They can have careers, and put off having children until later in life. They can have a child without being in a relationship, or they can find themselves as single parents because of divorce or separation.

Does a Child Need a Father?
Some schools of thought maintain that fatherhood is now less important than ever - men are marginalised because women don’t always need them for financial support, and are reduced to being sperm donors, with no place in the family life. Like everything, however, fatherhood is a many-sided object:

• Fathers can take additional time off work to spend with their children at birth
• Flexible working allows fathers to spend more time with the family
• More fathers are staying at home whilst the mothers go out to work
• Fathers are often hounded for child support payments when a partnership breaks down
• Fathers have to rely on the mother for confirmation of paternity

If a mother chooses to tell a man he is the father of their children and he has no reason to doubt her, he will love and care for the child, and pay for its upbringing, even if the relationship breaks down. Until recently, he had no way of challenging the mother’s claim with any accuracy.
All that has changed with the increasing availability of the paternity test. Within a few days, the father can be certain about parentage one way or the other, which may liberate him from a costly process, or destroy the relationship he has already built up with his children. A paternity test can provide the father with the evidence he needs to gain access to his child, or can shatter his illusions about his family. There are some men who are as desperate to be fathers as other men are desperate for their freedom - which is not that much different from 50 years ago - except now they have the power to find out about their responsibilities without a shadow of a doubt using a paternity test.

Speak To DNA Centre About A Paternity Test
DNA Centre offers a broad range of Paternity Test services designed to provide indisputable answers to emotional questions. Whether you seek to establish paternity, prove siblingship or research genealogy, for legal definition or peace of mind, we are able to provide the appropriate Paternity Test at competitive rates, professionally and confidentially. Using state of the art technology we are able to provide conclusive evidence on time, every time. Contact DNA Centre on +2347059999333 or visits us 73 Allen Avenue, Ikeja. Lagos

I Have My Doubts....But Should I Go Ahead And Have This Test?

There are many reasons why people undertake paternity testing or other family relationship tests. It may just be down to curiosity if there is some doubt about the paternity of a child or in other cases it may be that the reports are need for a more formal reason from providing evidence in an immigration matter, amending a birth certificate, to use in court or to make an inheritance claim. Formal tests usually require a court approved test.

The first thing to consider then is if a personal, peace of mind, test is needed or a court approved test. Personal tests are very easy to do and can be done in the comfort of your own home. The lab you choose will send you a collection kit so you can take mouth swabs. These are returned to the lab and testing typically takes a few days. The legal test will require a third party, usually a GP or nurse, to collect samples and verify Id’s.

No matter the reason, it is always advisable to check that the lab you are going to use has the appropriate accreditations. This means the testing processes are monitored and the lab is regularly inspected to ensure that the quality of the testing reaches the highest standards. In Lagos, Nigeria

this is usually the ISO 17025 accreditation. If you need a test for other countries or jurisdictions, it is a good idea to check their accreditation requirements. 

Accredited labs will have well trained staff to give you guidance if you are not sure which route you need to go down. They also have networks of collectors if you do need the court-approved test. The paternity testing process is actually very straightforward so if you do need a test don’t worry, do your research and you will find that there are a number of very professional, affordable testers in the market.    

The DNA Test Result is Out- What If I Am Not the Biological Father?

The DNA Test Result is Out- What If I Am Not the Biological Father?

Choosing to take a paternity test to find out the biological father of a child is a big step. Whilst the DNA test may be required for legal reasons many individuals choose to take a paternity DNA test for their own "peace of mind". 

If you have reached this point and are in the process of deciding if you want to take a DNA test then the first question is:

Have you really stopped to feel what you and the child would truly want regardless of the outcome of the DNA Test?

If so could it be that the child simply seeks to raised by a person who has made the loving commitment to bring them up, for who they truly are whether biologically related or not?

If you have already chosen the commitment to be part of a child's life as their father, you are doing just that, committing to be lovingly there for the child. If you later discover you are not the biological father why should this change or alter your relationship with the child?

Whilst there may be a process to go though, and it might not be easy, should you let this affect the commitment made or what any child simply seeks?

What DNA Centre Offers

DNA Centre provides a service to allow individuals the opportunity to create a new foundation of truth and responsibility. Exposing choices in the past that were taken without care-for-self, choosing to take responsibility for them and learning from them.

However if a child simply seeks to be met for who they are, something that ANY person can lovingly choose to present, should it matter if you are not the biological father?

DNA Centre is located at 73 Allen Avenue Ikeja, Lagos. Tel: 0705.9999.333; 0705.9999.444. www.dnanigeria.com

IS ESTABLISHING PATERNITY STILL IMPORTANT?

Is Establishing Paternity still Important?

Establishing paternity is important to ensure a child’s well being. It can also help protect his or her future.

Determining a biological relationship is important for several reasons:

• To establish  legal and social benefits, including social security, veteran’s, and inheritance benefits.
• Provides an accurate medical history for the child, giving the healthcare provider additional insight during diagnosis and in managing the child’s health.
• Strengthens the bond between biological individuals, such as father and child.

If you are pregnant, most states have laws that require an Acknowledgment of Paternity form to be completed at the hospital to legally establish who the father is. After the AOP is signed, couples have a limited amount of time, depending on the state, to request DNA paternity test and amend the AOP. This form is filed with the Bureau of Vital Statistics and is a legally binding document. If the time allowed for amending this form expires, the father listed as the AOP and birth certificate could be held legally responsible for the child, even if he later proves he is not the biological father.

Some states require an unmarried couple to have a paternity test to list a father’s name on the birth certificate. If the mother is married to someone other than the father of the child, the husband can be presumed to be the father and listed on the birth certificate as the legal father, unless otherwise disputed by a paternity test. If you need a paternity test to ensure the right man is named as the father, call DNA Centre at 73 Allen Avenue, Ikeja Lagos. Telephone: +2347059999333

WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW BEFORE YOU CONDUCT A DNA TEST WHEN PREGNANT

WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW BEFORE YOU CONDUCT A DNA TEST WHEN PREGNANT

Questions regarding paternity during pregnancy are more common than you think. Seeking answers and resolving your concerns has physical, emotional and financial benefits for both you and your unborn child. # DNA Centre recommends paternity testing from a laboratory accredited by the AABB. The AABB Relationship Testing Accreditation Program is based on standards for the performance of tests and require laboratories to achieve quality performance. Discuss your options with a paternity professional. They can answer your questions and guide you through the process. Call DNA Centre at 73 Allen Avenue in Ikeja. Telephone: +2347059999333.

A GUIDE TO DNA TESTING

What is DNA Testing?

DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. It is the genetic material found inside a cell. DNA is very fine and tightly coiled into structures called Chromosomes. Each cell contains 46 chromosomes. 22 of these are pairs which are almost identical. The remaining two are the X and Y chromosomes which determine the sex of an individual.

Women have two X chromosomes and men have one X and one Y. If the DNA was taken from a single cell and unwound, it would stretch to a whole meter in length. It is estimated, that if this was done for all the DNA, in all the cells of one body, there would be enough DNA to stretch all the way to the moon and back - TWICE! Amazing if you consider this molecule is too small to be seen by the naked eye.

DNA is a code. It is divided into functional sections known as genes. Each gene codes for a particular protein. The human body is made up of proteins. The genes therefore dictate how we are made and what our bodies look like. A persons DNA is unique to them, just like a fingerprint. The only people in the world who share identical DNA are identical twins, because they began life as a single egg that split in their mother’s womb. The fact that they share identical DNA is the reason they look identical i.e. their bodies have been built by DNA with exactly the same code.

Small portions of the DNA are called Alleles. When a scientist looks at a piece of DNA, they can analyze the alleles they find. The alleles are identified and given a unique number. These numbers represent a person’s DNA profile. At each location on the DNA molecule, a person has two alleles. Therefore when looking at a person’s DNA profile, you will see two numbers for each part of the DNA analysed.


Why do we look at DNA in relationship tests?

At the point of conception, a child’s DNA is formed. Half of the DNA comes from the mother (in the egg) and half comes from the father (in the sperm). Therefore, when we look at a child’s DNA profile, one of the numbers at each of the locations, will match one of the numbers at the same location for each biological parent. (i.e. Half the alleles (numbers) will match exactly to the DNA of the biological mother and the other half will match exactly to the biological father.)

When testing other relationships such as potential siblings, test participants are not expected to match at all locations. These tests are based on the fact that biologically related individuals will have more DNA incommon than those that are unrelated. The amount of common DNA depends on how closely the individuals
are related.


How is DNA Collected?

An identical copy of a person’s DNA is kept inside all the cells of that person’s body. Therefore the DNA inside a blood sample is identical to the DNA inside a cheek cell. By rubbing a mouth swab on the inside of the cheek we can obtain cells without the need for painful blood samples being taken. This is much easier for the clients and especially for any young children involved. The DNA from these cheek cells is easily isolated and is then ready for testing. This process is just as accurate as using blood samples. Forensic samples can be used as a source of DNA but only in certain circumstances.


What relationships can we test for?

• Paternity Tests – To identify the biological father of a child.
• Maternity Tests – To identify the biological mother of a child.
• Sibling Analysis – To identify half/full biological brothers and sisters.
• Complex Relationship Tests – To identify more complex biological relationships e.g. grandparents, cousins & auntie & uncles etc.
• Y Chromosome Analysis – To establish whether males are from the same paternal line.
• DNA Profiling Service : For individuals working in a high risk profession i.e. used for identification purposes.


The DNA Test Report Package

This contains:
• A Covering Letter
• DNA Test Report

Additional Test Information

Should you require further information, please contact DNA Centre at 73 Allen Avenue, Ikeja Lagos. Telephone: 07059999333; 07059999444; 08160010036. www.dnanigeria.com

Why would I want paternity testing?

Why would I want paternity testing?

There are many different reasons people want to have a paternity test. Sometimes alleged fathers are told many years later that a previous relationship resulted in the birth of a child, and they want to make sure they are actually the biological father. 

Some men might suspect their wives or girlfriends of infidelity and are concerned their child may not be theirs biologically and want the peace of mind a DNA test can provide. Children who were separated from their biological father at a very early age, whether because of adoption or other reasons, often want a conclusive DNA test early in the reunion process. Children sometimes learn about infidelity after the death of a parent and are curious about their genetic makeup and their family's medical history, so they have DNA tests to prove their parentage.

More and more we hear about court cases involving DNA paternity testing. Child support cases have been much more prominent in recent years than ever before, and DNA is being used to support or rebut child support claims. 

DNA Centre is located at 73 Allen Avenue, Ikeja Lagos

Tel: 0705.9999.333  0705.9999.444

Gender Prediction Testing @ DNA Centre

Gender Prediction Testing @ DNA Centre

Would it not be great to know the gender of your baby from the 5th week of pregnancy? Make sure that everything is organized for when the baby arrives, have the right clothes, colour schemes and even the right name (names are always a major issue when it come to babies and knowing beforehand means saving yourself being rushed into choosing a name). Baby gender prediction tests can help you find out, in a scientific way, what gender child to expect. The accuracy of the test is around 99% so you can almost rest assured you cannot go wrong.

The Genetics of Gender

Our chromosomes determine whether we will be male or female and this is determined at the moment of conception. This is essentially the basis of how to know the gender. We inherit one chromosome for each parent. Males always have an XY chromosome pair and females always have an XX chromosome pair. This makes it clear: Y is the male determining gene. The chromosome pair combination is random and any women stand a 50% chance of having a boy or girl.

The X chromosome is more complex than Y chromosome. The Y chromosome carries a mere 72 genes when compared to the X chromosome which carries 2000 genes.

An ultrasound can of course tell you the gender of your child although this may not be possible in the earlier stages of pregnancy. The main point of an ultrasound is of course to ensure the baby is developing healthily rather than to ascertain the sex of the child.

Baby Gender Prediction: Sampling

This type of DNA test and relies on genetic evidence. This test is done using blood which is extracted by a simple prick at the finger tip. Once that is done, you can just collect a drop of blood on special piece of paper and this will suffice for the test. Most companies provide a consent form which you will need to fill in and sign; they do this so as to ensure there is full compliance with the law.

Laboratory analysts will check the blood sample to see what chromosomes are present. The mother’s blood will invariably contain traces of the blood of the child she is carrying. If she is carrying a male child, the results will show the presence of the Y chromosome in her blood (the mother, being of course female, only carries XX chromosome of her own genetic makeup). The absence of a Y chromosome would indicate that she is carrying a female.

The baby gender prediction test is accurate, scientific and reliable. It can be carried out in the early stages of pregnancy, in fact, after the first 5 weeks and you can get your accurate result within 3 days.

You can visit DNA Centre at 73 Allen Avenue Ikeja for more information or call +2347059999333.

Gender Prediction Test @ DNA Centre.